Losing isn’t always bad: Gaining topology from loss

Losing particles can lead to positive, robust effects. An international collaboration has demonstrated a novel topology arising from losses in hybrid light-matter particles, introducing a new avenue to induce the highly-prized effects inherent to conventional topological materials, which can potentially revolutionise electronics. The study represents an experimental observation of a non-Hermitian topological invariant in a semiconductor in the strong light-matter coupling regime supporting formation of exciton-polaritons.

How To Use a Multimeter

In this mini-course, you’ll learn how to use a multimeter to take current, voltage, and resistance measurements. A multimeter is a tool you’ll be using frequently for troubleshooting, testing batteries, and a variety of other electronics-related tasks.

A multimeter is divided into three main parts: 

• The LCD display
• The dial
• The ports 

The LCD display shows you the value that you are measuring. The multimeter dial allows you to select what you want to measure. And the ports are where you connect your test probes.

There are usually 3 or 4 ports on every multimeter. And their markings will tell you what they are for. Typical markings are:

• 10Amax – this port is used to measure exceptionally large currents up to 10A.
• COM – always connect the black probe to this port as this is your multimeter’s ground.
• mAVΩ – this port is used to measure voltage, resistance, continuity, and lower currents. On some multimeters you can also measure other things like diode current, temperature, or capacitance.

How To Measure Voltage With a Multimeter

Start by getting your multimeter ready to measure voltage: Connect the black probe to the GND port and the red probe to the port marked with a V (for Voltage). On the dial select a V range for voltage measurement. The number you see on the dial is the highest value you can measure with that range.

As you can see, there are two options available: DC (direct current) and AC (alternating current) voltage. 

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So, before you begin taking a measurement, you must first determine which type of voltage you want to measure and select the appropriate option (almost all low voltage electronics use DC).

Example: Measuring the voltage of a 9V battery

A 9V battery isn’t always exactly 9V. When it’s new, it can be a bit higher. When it’s old and used, it can be lower. So let’s measure the voltage of one.

Plug the black probe into the GND port and the red probe into the port marked with a V. We’ll go with DC voltage for the battery, and for the range, we’ll go with 20V, based on the voltage value we expect:

Measure the voltage by touching the black probe to the negative side of the battery and the red probe to the positive side. The voltage of the battery will appear on the screen:

Experiment by seeing what happens when you swap the probes around. Ideally, you should see the exact same value, just with a minus sign in front.

Also, see what happens when you change the range value. If the multimeter reads 1, it’s overloaded. You will need to try a higher mode such as 200. If the multimeter reads 0.00 or nearly zero, then you’ll have to lower the range.

You can use the multimeter to measure the voltage across components in a circuit too. Just place one probe on each side of the component that you want to measure.

How To Measure Current With a Multimeter

This one is a little more tricky because you have to interrupt the circuit. But once you see how it’s done, you’ll see that it’s not that hard after all.

To get your multimeter set up for measuring current, you have to connect your red probe to the port for measuring current. 

If you’re looking for small current values, plug the red probe into the port marked mA (milliamperes). For larger currents, plug it into the 10A port. (On some multimeters, you’ll see other values, like 20A). 

The black probe should be connected to the COM port as always. Turn the dial to the A (current) section and select a number based on the appropriate range.

To measure current, you must connect the multimeter in series so that the current flows through the multimeter. In practice, this means you have to physically interrupt the flow of current and put the meter in-line in the circuit.

Example: Measuring the current of an LED

An LED needs a resistor in series to set the current flowing through it to a certain level. But how do you verify that your resistor selection gives you the current you want? 

Let’s connect the following circuit and measure the current flowing in it:

In this circuit, we’re using a 2.5V LED. Since the power supply is 5V, it means we have 2.5V across the 220Ω resistor too. From Ohm’s law, we can find that the current is 2.5V / 220 Ω = 

11.36 mA.

To measure the current, we must interrupt the following circuit and insert the multimeter in-line, as shown in the schematics below.

In the photo below, we’ve interrupted the circuit between the resistor and minus (ground) and connected the multimeter instead. We’re using alligator clips instead of the standard pointy probes to get a good connection (using banana-to-alligator cables).

The multimeter reads 11.65 mA, which means that is the amount of current flowing through this circuit.

Measuring current may be difficult at first, but with a bit of practice, you’ll master it in no time.

How To Measure Resistance With a Multimeter

To get your multimeter set up to measure resistance, connect the black probe to the COM port and the red probe to the port marked with Ω. Select the resistance option marked on the dial, and choose the range you think your resistor is within. 

To measure resistance, simply place the probes across the resistor. This is particularly useful if you find it hard (or inconvenient) to read the color codes on the resistor.

Example: Measuring the resistance of a resistor

Let’s try to measure the resistance of a 220 Ω resistor. 

Note that if you want to measure the resistance of a resistor, you need to (in most cases) remove it from the circuit. Otherwise, the other components in the circuit can influence the reading.

Since we’re expecting 220 Ω, the 200 range is a bit too low. So choose the 2000 range. Then place a probe on each side of the resistor to measure.

The meter will display one of three things, 0.00, 1, or the actual resistor value.

• In our case, the meter reads 221, which means this resistor has a value of 221Ω
• If the multimeter displays OL, it’s overloaded. You will need to try a higher mode such as 20k. 
• If the multimeter reads 0.00 or nearly zero, then you’ll have to lower the mode to 200Ω.

Questions?

Do you have any questions about using a multimeter? Let me know in the comments section below!

Copyright Build Electronic Circuits

Stretchy, washable battery brings wearable devices closer to reality

Researchers have created what could be the first battery that is both flexible and washable. In addition to watches and patches for measuring vital signs, the battery might also be integrated with clothing that can actively change color or temperature.

Analog computers now just one step from digital

Engineers have reached a theoretical limit for efficiently converting analog data into digital bits in an emerging computer technology.

Wearable sensor measures airborne nicotine exposure from e-cigarettes

Some studies have shown that nicotine, an addictive substance in electronic cigarettes, increases the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. But to get a full understanding of its potential health effects, a real-time nicotine monitoring device is needed. Such a device could also help vapers -- as well as non-vapers who encounter second-hand smoke -- measure their exposure. Now, researchers report that they have developed a battery-free, wearable device that could accomplish this task.

Perovskite solar cells soar to new heights

Researchers have developed a novel method to fabricate lead halide perovskite solar cells with record efficiency.

Build a Cool Christmas Tree Ornament in 5 minutes

Do you want to build something on your own for Christmas, but don’t have much time? Or no experience? Then this project is for you.

One of the easiest ways to make a Christmas circuit that looks cool when you don’t have much time is to use a color-changing LED.

A color-changing LED looks like a normal LED, but it has an integrated chip that controls the LED and automatically cycles through different colors.

They are easily available and cheap. You can find packs of 100 of these LEDs for less than $10, such as this one from Amazon. Or you can buy a single LED from for example Sparkfun.

All you need to do is to connect it in series with a resistor (just like if it was a normal LED) and connect it to a small battery. Then the internal chip of the LED takes care of the rest so that you can lean back and watch the show:

Components Needed

• 1 x Color-changing LED
• 2 x Lithium Coin Cell batteries 3V
• 1 x Resistor (330 Ω)

You should be able to find all the components needed in most shops that sell electronic components.

How To Connect The Circuit

Start by twisting the resistor around the positive leg of the LED.

Take two coin cell 3V batteries and place them on top of each other. This puts them in series so that you get 6V out of them.

Connect the loose end of the resistor to the plus side of the batteries. And connect the loose end of the LED to the minus side of the batteries.

Tada! You have a working circuit!

Now you decide how to proceed. If everyone is waiting for you to join them for Christmas dinner, then just use some tape to make it all stay together, then place it into something Christmassy and hang it on the tree.

Simple homemade ornament (thread with glue around balloon)

If you have a bit more time, then I recommend soldering the LED and the resistor so that they stick together. And place the batteries in a battery holder for the two batteries. Finally, add a small switch between the batteries and the LED so that you can turn it on and off.

How Does It Work?

Do you think it’s “cheating” to buy an LED that blinks on its own? Would you prefer to build it from scratch so that you understand how it works?

It’s not that hard to make the blinking yourself. You just need a microcontroller.

We just added a new course to the Ohmify library today on how to build a color-changing tree ornament from scratch. There you’ll learn how to do it with a microcontroller.

As an Ohmify member, you have access to this course from the Trainings Library once you log in. Not a member yet? Click here to learn more about becoming a member.

Questions or Comments?

If you have any questions or comments about this simple Christmas circuit, let me know in the comments section below!

Copyright Build Electronic Circuits